Assessing the determinants of agricultural commercialization and challenges confronting cassava farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31328/jsed.v5i1.3483Keywords:
cassava, crop commercialization index (CCI), farmer-herdsmen attack, Nigeria, ordered logit modelAbstract
This study assesses the agricultural commercialization levels, determinants, and challenges confronting smallholder cassava farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria. This study was conducted in Oyo State, Nigeria using cross-sectional data from 211 smallholder cassava farmers and employing multi-stage sampling procedures. Descriptive statistics, Crop Commercialization Index (CCI), and Ordered Logit Model (OLM) were used to analyze the data collected. The results revealed that 83.9% of the cassava farmers participated in the commercialization of their cassava roots while the remaining farmers were non-participants. The greatest challenge faced by the cassava farmers in the study area was the incessant attacks by the Fulani herdsmen (destroying growing cassava on the farm) while other challenges included cassava cyclical gluts and poor access road. Moreover, OLM revealed that age, farm size, cassava marketing experience and distance to market had significant influence on commercialization levels of cassava farmers. However, in order to enhance increased commercialization levels of cassava farmers and peaceful coexistence in the study area, policies and intervention programmes that will facilitate rural infrastructure development and proffer lasting solution to the farmers-herders crisis should be given upmost priority.JEL Classification D13; M31; Q19ÂReferences
Adepoju, A. O., Oyegoke, O., & Amusan, A. (2019). Productivity and market participation of Fluted pumpkin farmers under tropical conditions. International Journal of Vegetable Science, 26(4), 323–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/19315260.2019.1631238
Adeyemo, T., Amaza, P., Okoruwa, V., Akinyosoye, V., Salmom, K.K., & Abass, A. (2019). Determinants of biomass utilization: Evidence from Cassava Smallholders in Nigeria. Sustainability, 11(9). 2516. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092516
Agricultural Policy Research in Africa (APRA). (2018). What is agricultural commercialisation: who benefits and how do we measure it? APRA Brief Issue No.1, 1-6. Retrieved from https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/15847
Agwu, N. (2012). Determinants of profitability among plantain marketers in Abia State, Nigeria. Journal of Development Studies 7(1), 49-58.
Awotide, B. A., Diagne, A., & Omonona, B. T. (2012). Impact of improved agricultural technology adoption on sustainable rice productivity and rural farmers’ welfare in Nigeria: A Local Average Treatment Effect (LATE) Technique, In Proceedings of the African Economic Conference, Kigali, Rwanda, 30 October–2 November 2012.
Awoyemi, T. T., Odozi, J. C., Otekunrin, O. A., & Ehirim, N.C. (2015). Efficient resource use: Does human capital matter? the case of cassava production farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development 18(1), 2064-2074.
Ayinde I. A., Otekunrin, O. A., Akinbode, S. O., & Otekunrin, O. A. (2020). Food security in nigeria: impetus for growth and development. Journal of Agricultural Econimics and Ruiral Development, 6(2), 808–820. htps://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12949352
Bello, A. U. (2013). Herdsmen and farmers conflicts in north-eastern Nigeria: causes, repercussions, and resolutions. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies. 2(5), 129. https://doi.org/10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n5p129
Booroah, V. K. (2002). Logit and probit: Ordered and multinomial models. Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences Series No. 138 (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications). https://books.google.co.id/books?id=H2mxYlRrcCoC&pg
Carletto, C., Corral, P., & Guelfi, A. (2017). Agricultural commercialisation and nutrition revisited: Empirical evidence from three African countries. Food Policy 67, 106-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2016.09.020
Effiong, E. O. (2005). Efficiency of production in selected livestock enterprises in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Unpublished Ph.D Dissertation, Department of Agricultural Economics, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria.
Enete, A. A., & Igbokwe, E.M. (2009). Cassava market participation decisions of producing households in Africa. Tropicultura, 27(3), 129-136
Ezedinma, C. I., Kormawa, P. M., Manyong, V. M., & Dixon, A. G. O. (2007). Challenges, Opportunities, and strategy for cassava sub sector development in Nigeria. Proceedings of the 13th ISTRC Symposium, 627-640.
FAO. (2021). Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations Statistical Database; Statistical Division; FAO: Rome, Italy. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/statistics/en/
FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP & WHO. (2021). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021. Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb4474en
Federal Government of Nigeria. (2011). Action Plan for a Cassava Transformation in Nigeria. Retrieved from http://unaab.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Cassava%20Report%20Final.pdf
Gebremedhin, B., & Jaleta, M. (2010). Commercialization of smallholders: Is market participation enough? In Joint 3rd African Association of Agricultural Economists (AAAE) and 48th Agricultural Economists Association of South Africa (AEASA) Conference, Cape Town, South Africa (p. P22).
Hailua, G., Manjureb, K., & Aymutc, K. M. (2015). Crop commercialization and smallholder farmers` livelihood in Tigray region, Ethiopia. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 7(9), 314-322. https://doi.org/10.5897/JDAE2015.0649
Huffman, W. E. (2001). Human capital: Education and agriculture. In Handbook of Agricultural Economics. 1st ed.; Bruce, L.G., Gordon, C.R., Eds.; Elsevier Science: Amsterdam, The Nertherlands. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0072(01)10010-1
Hussayn, J. A, Gulak, D. M., Aboaba, K. O., & Keshinro, O. O. (2020). Effects of agricultural commercialization on poverty status of smallholder cassava farming households in Oyo State. Scientific Papers Series Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development 20(4), 255-266.
Ikhuoso O. A., Adegbeye, M. J., Elghandour, M. M. Y., Mellado, M., Al-Dobaib, M. J., & Salem, A. Z. M. (2020). Climate change and agriculture: The competition for limited resources amidst crop farmers-livestock herding conflict in Nigeria – A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 272, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123104
Ikuemonisan E. I, Mafimisebi, T. E., Ajibefun, I., & Adenegan, K. (2020). Cassava production in Nigeria: Trends, instability and decomposition analysis, Heliyon 6(10), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05089
Jaleta, M., Gebremedhin, B., & Hoekstra, D. (2009). Smallholder commercialization: Processes, determinants and impact. Discussion Paper No. 18. Improving Productivity and Market Success (IPMS) of Ethiopian Farmers Project, ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), Nairobi, Kenya. 55 pp.
Kazzah, S. (2018). Herdsmen-Farmer Conflicts: Its Implication on food insecurity and economic development in Southern Kaduna 1999-2017, International Journal of Strategic Research in Education, Technology & Humanities, 5(1), 126-138.
Key N., Sadoulet, E., & de Janvry, A. (2000). Transactions costs and agricultural household supply response. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 82, 245–259. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajae.2000.82
Kolapo, A., Yusuf, O. J., & Abdulmumin, M. O. (2020). Market participation and food security status of bio-fortified cassava processors in South Western Nigeria. International Journal of Sustainable Agricultural Research, 7(3), 174-184. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.70.2020.73.174.184
Lawal, B. O., & Samuel, F. O. (2010). Determinant of nutritional status of children in farming households in Oyo State, Nigeria. African Journal of Food, Agriculture Nutrition and Development 10(10), 4235-4253. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajfand.v10i10.62904
Lowder, S. K., Skoet, J., & Raney, T. (2016). The number, size, and distribution of farms, smallholder farms, and family farms worldwide. World Development, 87, 16–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.10.041
Martey, E., Al-Hassan, R. M., & Kuwornu, J. K. M. (2012). Commercialization of smallholder agriculture in Ghana: A Tobit regression analysis. African Journal Agricultural Research, 7(14), 2131-2141. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR11.1743
Muricho, G.S. (2015). Determinants of agricultural commercialization and its impacts on welfare among smallholder farmers in Kenya. PhD Theses of the University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
Obaniyi, K. S., Kolawole, A., & Ajala, A. (2020). Assessment of crop farmers coping strategies to pastoralism/nomad activities in Nigeria. Open Agriculture, 5, 219-226. https://doi.org/10.1515/opag.2020.0019
Obayelu, A. E. (2012). Households’ food security status and its determinants in the North-Central Nigeria. Food Economics 9(4), 241-256. https://doi.org/10.1080/2164828X.2013.845559
Obisesan, A. A. (2012). Cassava marketing and rural poverty among smallholder farmers in Southwest, Nigeria. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences, 1 [8](July), 29–34.
Ogutu, S. O., Godecke, T., & Qaim, M. (2020). Agricultural commercialisation and nutrition in smallholder farm households. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 71 (2), 534-555. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-9552.12359
Okoye, B. C., Abass, A., Bachwenkizi, B., Asumugha, G., Alenkhe, B., Ranaivoson, R., Randrianarivelo, R., Rabemanantsoa, N., & Ralimanana, I. (2016). Effect of transaction costs on market participation among smallholder cassava farmers in Central Madagascar. Cogent Economics and Finance. 4, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2016.1143597
Oluwatayo I. B., & Rachoene, M. A. (2017). Effect of agricultural commercialization on food security among smallholder farmers in Polokwane municipality, Capricorn district of Limpopo province, South Africa. Journal of Agribussiness and Rural Development, 43(1), 143–156. https://doi.org/10.17306/J.JARD.2017.00277
Olwande, J., &. Mathenge, M. K (2011). Market Participation among Poor Rural Households in Kenya. Tegemeo Institute of Agricultural Policy and Development: Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil.
Omiti, J. M., Otieno, D. J., Nyanamba, T. O., & McCullough, E. (2009). Factors influencing the intensity of market participation by smallholder farmers: A case study of rural and peri-urban areas of Kenya. African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 3(1), 57–82.
Opondo, F. A., Dannenberg, P., & Willkomm, M. (2017). Characterization of the levels of cassava commercialization among smallholder farmers in Kenya: A multinomial regression approach. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 41:3024-3036. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2017.12634
Otekunrin, O. A. (2011). The Effect of human capital accumulation on resource use efficiency among cassava-based farmers in Oyo State. M.Sc dissertation, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Otekunrin, O. A. (2017). Smallholder Farmers’ Market Participation: A Conceptual, Theoretical and Methodological Review. Unpublished PhD Non-Thesis Seminar presented in the Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
Otekunrin, O. A. (2021). Agricultural commercialization and nutritional status of smallholder cassava farming households in South-West Nigeria. Unpublished PhD Post-Data Seminar presented in the Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.
Otekunrin, O. A., Otekunrin, O. A., Momoh, S., & Ayinde, I. A. (2019a). How far has Africa gone in achieving the zero hunger target? Evidence from Nigeria. Global Food Security, 22, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2019.08.001
Otekunrin, O. A., Momoh, S., & Ayinde, I. A. (2019b). Smallholder farmers’ market participation: concepts and methodological approaches from Sub-Saharan Africa. Current Agriculture Research Journal, 7(2), 139-157. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CARJ.7.2.02
Otekunrin, O. A., & Sawicka, B. (2019). Cassava, a 21st century crop: How can nigeria harness its enormous trade potential? Acta Scientific Agriculture 3(8), 194-202. https://doi.org/10.31080/ASAG.2019.03.0586
Otekunrin, O. A., Otekunrin, O. A., Sawicka, B., & Ayinde, I. A. (2020). Three decades of fighting against hunger in Africa: Progress, challenges and opportunities. World Nutrition 11(3), 86-111. https://doi.org/10.26596/wn.202011386-111
Otekunrin, O. A., & Otekunrin, O. A. (2021a). Healthy and sustainable diets: Implications for achieving SDG2. In: Leal Filho W., Azul A.M., Brandli L., Özuyar P.G., Wall T. (eds) Zero Hunger. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69626-3_123-1
Otekunrin, O. A., & Otekunrin, O. A. (2021b). Dietary diversity choices of women: Evidence from cassava farming households in Nigeria. Archives of Current Research International, 21(44), 11-22. https://doi.org/10.9734/ACRI/2021/v21i430240
Otekunrin, O. A., Otekunrin, O. A., Ayinde, I. A., Sanusi, R. A., Onabanjo, O. O., & Ariyo, O. (2021). Dietary diversity, environment health-related factors of under-five children: Evidence from cassava commercialization households in rural South-West Nigeria. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17221-y
Pingali, P. L., & Rosegrant, M. W. (1995). Agricultural commercialization and diversification: Processes and policies. Food Policy, 20(3), 171–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-9192(95)00012-4
Rapsomanikis, G. (2015). The Economic Lives Of Smallholder Farmers: An analysis based on household data from nine countries.†FAO, Rome. Retrieved from https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/b09e4a66-/
Renkkow, M., Hallstrom, D. G., & Karanja, D. D. (2004). Rural infrastructure, transaction costs and market participation in Kenya. Journal of Development Economics, 73(1), 349–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2003.02.003
SAHEL. (2016). Cassava: A staple Crop in Nigeria. SAHEL Newsletter, Volume 13(Issue 5), 1–5. Retrieved from http://sahelcp.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Sahel_Newsletter_Volume_13.pdf
Salihu, H. A (2018). The armed-fulani-herdsmen and violent attacks against farmers and farming communities in Nigeria: An overview. KIU J Humanities, 3(3), 169-184. Retrieved from https://ijhumas.com/ojs/index.php/kiuhums/article/view/398/374
Sebatta, C., Mugisha, J., Katungi, E., Kashaara, A., & Kyomugisha, H. (2014.) Smallholder farmers’ decision and level of participation in the potato market in Uganda. Modern Economy, 5 (8), 895–906. https://doi.org/10.4236/me.2014.58082
Shively, G., & Sununtnasuk, C. (2015) Agricultural diversity and child stunting in Nepal. Journal of Development Studies, 51(8), 1078-1096. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2015.1018900
Strasberg, P., Jayne, T., Yamano, T., Nyoro, J. K., Karanja, D. D., & Strauss, J. (1999). Effects of agricultural commercialization on food crop input use and productivity in Kenya. MSU International Development Working Papers, (71), vii + 28 pp..
Torres-Reyna, O. (2014). Getting started in Logit and Ordered logit. Data and Statistical Services. Retrieved from https://www.princeton.edu/~otorres/Logit.pdf
Worldometer (2021). Nigeria Population. Retrieved from https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/nigeria- population/
Zhou, S., Minde, J., & Mtigwe, B. (2013). Smallholder agricultural commercialization for income growth and poverty alleviation in Southern Africa: A review. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 8(22), 2590-2592. Retrieved from https://academicjournals.org/journal/AJAR/article-full-text-pdf/1334DA234788/
Wahyudi, S. T., & Maipita, I. (2018). Comparative analysis on the market share of Indonesian export commoties: Opportunities and challenges. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan, 19(2), 163–171. https://doi.org/10.23917/jep.v19i2.5708
Wulandari, D., Utomo, S. H., Narmaditya, B. S., & Kamaludin, M. (2019). Nexus between inflation and unemployment: Evidence from Indonesia. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business, 6(2), 269–275. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2019.vol6.no2.269
Yolanda. (2017). Impacts of export development on unemployment in Indonesia. European Research Studies Journal, 20(3), 768–783. https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/743